Counterion Condensation on Spheres in the Salt-free Limit

A highly-charged spherical colloid in a salt-free environment exerts such a powerful attraction on its counterions that a certain fraction condenses onto the surface of a particle. The degree of condensation depends on the curvature of the surface. So, for instance, condensation is triggered on a highly-charged sphere only if the radius exceeds a certain critical radius \collrad^{*}. \collrad^{*} is expected to be a simple function of the volume fraction of particles. To test these predictions, we prepare spherical particles which contain a covalently-bound ionic liquid, which is engineered to dissociate efficiently in a low-dielectric medium. By varying the proportion of ionic liquid to monomer we synthesise nonpolar dispersions of highly-charged spheres which contain essentially no free co-ions. The only ions in the system are counterions generated by the dissociation of surface-bound groups. We study the electrophoretic mobility of this salt-free system as a function of the colloid volume fraction, the particle radius, and the bare charge density and find evidence for extensive counterion condensation. At low electric fields, we observe excellent agreement with Poisson-Boltzmann predictions for counterion condensation on spheres. At high electric fields however, where ion advection is dominant, the electrophoretic mobility is enhanced significantly which we attribute to hydrodynamic stripping of the condensed layer of counterions from the surface of the particle.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures and two table

Desain Layout 1-Stage ADC Pipeline 80Msps Dengan Mentor Graphics 0,35µm Untuk Aplikasi Kamera Kecepatan Tinggi

Design layout 1-stage pipeline is part of the 8-stage pipeline 80 Msps ADC. Layout 1-stage pipeline consists of 3 units : op-amp, switch capacitor, precision comparator with latch. Pipeline ADC works gradually and requires synchronization of digital output 8 stage by using a unit delay circuit (D-FF). Pipeline ADC requires pulse rate (clock) generator to support its work. Units OP-AMP transconductance CMOS components designed with the correct specification ADC applications with capacitive loads, with a large input impedance and minimize noise. The precision comparator has Vos (offset voltage) approximately equal to 0V. The capacitor switch designs use NMOS switch as a switch for the sampling and multiplying. In the sampling phase and multiplying processes, the ADC requires a clock pulse with a non-intersect mode (lapping). The width of non-overlapping period was adjusted to the time of constance in the sampling process and multiplying. The total number of each pulse period equal to 12.5 ns or equal to the frequency of 80MHz. In the 1-stage layout an additional correction capacitor was required to correct residual voltage. The total area of the layout 1-stage pipeline ADC is 1-bit 200 μm x 98μm

Pemanfaatan Buah Mangga (Mangiferaindical.) Dan Ekstrak Teh Hijau (Cameliasinensis) Dalam Pembuatan Selai

The purpose of this research was to know the effect of level mixing of mango porridge and green tea extracts to chemical analysis and organoleptic test of jam. This research used Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications, which followed by Duncan\u27s NewMultiple Range Test (DNMRT)at level 5%. The treatments were MT1 (100 mango porridge : 0 green tea extracts); MT2 (90 mango porridge : 10 green tea extracts); MT3 (80 mango porridge : 20 green tea extracts) andMT4 (70 mango porridge : 30 green tea extracts). The result of analysis showed that the level mixing of mango porridge and green tea extracts significantly effect on moisture content, pectin content, sucralose content, pH, descriptive of color, aroma, taste and texture and then hedonic of color and taste. The level mixing of mango porridge and green tea extract had notsignificantly effect onhedonic of aroma and texture.The best treatment was MT2 with moisture content 21,48; pectin content 1,50; sucralose content 56,65; and pH 3,31

Analysis of Determinant Workers Behavior in Effluent Management System Pet in PT Pusri Palembang

Background : The content of ammonia and urea in the effluent PT. PUSRI is high. This condition make the various stakeholders concerned about the impact both environmental health and public health, if the effluent have not managed properly. This situation had forgotten by the workers who manage the effuent in the system Pusri Effluent Treatment (PET) because the workers assume that the effuent management system in PT. PUSRI already has a good design. Method : This is quantitative research with cross sectional design. The population for this study was all permanent workers who were involved in effluent management system PET, amounted to 40 peoples. The data were analyzed by using univariate and bivariate analysis with chi-square test. Result : The result of the study shows that statistically, the variables which have significant related to the behavior of effluent management workers are the variable of education (ρvalue = 0.027), knowledge (ρvalue = 0.025), attitude (ρvalue = 0.004), practice (ρvalue = 0.010), regulation (ρvalue = 0.013), and supervision (ρvalue = 0.018), while unrelated to the behavior of effluent management workers are the variable of age (ρvalue = 0.527), tenure (ρvalue = 0.507), availability of means (ρvalue = 0.744), and the availability of infrastructure (ρvalue = 0.490). Conclusion : The conclusion that the proportion of workers behavior in the effluent management system PET between good and not good is 50%. There was the association between education, knowledge, attitude, practice, regulation, supervision and behavior of effluent management workers. Suggestions in this research is to increase the related factors of workers behavior such as provide training and guidance routinely, improve surveillance, monitoring or periodic monitoring and evaluation of the activities which related to the effluent management system PET

Clarity and Visual Ratios of the Vibrant Place Making

One of the most important components of the city is the place, which generates interest in it being the city’s basic urban structure, This concern has led to the emergence of a new concept, the placemaking, where the concept of placemaking is not based on the dimensions of physical space, but also focuses on social dimensionsand the satisfaction of the population and their wishes and needs, And emerged several trends for the urban placemaking, and because the center of the city of Diwaniya suffers from neglect and deterioration and the migration of activities to the outskirts of the city, Where it is necessary to find a trend that reinvigorates thecenter, which is the orientation of the vibrant placemaking, which deals exclusively with the centers of cities and combines within it several other directions for the placemaking, The problem of research is reflected in the lack of clarity of the relationship between urban planning and urban design and the assumption that the relationship between design and urban planning is produced through the vibrant placemaking, and in order to determine the relationship and build indicators from the relationship between urban planning and urban design for the vibrant placemaking, The main vocabulary, which has been tested with the tasks and objectives of urban planning and urban design standards to extract the final indicators, which interact as a system and integrated unit, Two quantitative indicators, which are directly measurable and qualitative indicators, measured by the questionnaire, And the most important conclusions and recommendations increase the amount of diversity in activities and intensities and exclusion of inappropriate uses and attention to individuals and buildings heritage and the positive interaction resulting from the establishment of rituals, which creates perception and memory Assembly, Enhancing the spatial character through the human scale, adopting a clear methodology for urban development, preparing detailed plans, raising the functional efficiency of the planningstaff, and attracting large investments for the purpose of the vibrant placemaking in the city center of Diwaniyah city

Analisis dan Pemodelan Motor Induksi Kapasitor Permanen dengan Rangkaian Ekivalen Invers Γ

Analysis and modelling of induction motor of permanent capacitor have been done in this paper. With specifications 30 Volt, 100 Watt, 6 pole, 50 Hz, 1000 rpm. At this writing the equivalent circuit Г inverse form by simplifying the parameters which determine the stator reactance leak is not the sameas leaking rotor reactance. So that the determination of the parameters can be done more thoroughly. Modeling transient permanent capacitor induction motor has been done using MATLAB- Simulink. In this research, the percentage of permanent capacitor induction motor error burden from direct test results and simulation results that the initial voltage on the primary winding by 3.46%, the initial voltage on the auxiliary winding of 8.896%, stable voltage on the auxiliary winding by 9.89%, currents starting on auxiliary winding by 19.97% and stable current on auxiliary winding by 21.44%. From the shape of the voltage waveform generated change, the results of experimental approaches the simulation calculation results on the primary winding and the auxiliary winding thus obtained avalid analysis

Role of sr on microstructure, mechanical properties, wear and corrosion behaviour of an al-mg2si-cu in-situ composite

The influence of Sr additions on the microstructure of primary and eutectic Mg2Si phases, wear and corrosion behaviour of Al–Mg2Si–Cu in-situ composite was investigated. The results showed that addition of 0.01 wt% Sr modified the primary Mg2Si morphology but exceeding this level of Sr induced a loss of modification as the primary phase morphology coarsened again. The Al–Mg2Si eutectic phase, on the other hand, still exhibited a refined structure even with higher levels of Sr additions. Thermal analysis results revealed that both modification of the primary Mg2Si and refinement of the eutectic Mg2Si are most likely related to nucleation and growth stages respectively. The results of 0.01 wt% Sr addition showed that the mean size and mean aspect ratio decreased by about 30% and 6% respectively, but the mean density increased by 185% respectively. The highest UTS, El%, impact toughness and hardness were measured at 101.57 MPa, 1.1%, 1.31 J and 81 VHN respectively. Fractography of tensile and impact specimens from the Sr-treated composite revealed that Mg2Si particles suffered cracking with few decohesion indicating higher ductility. The results of wear testing also showed that composites treated with Sr have higher wear resistance compared with those of without Sr. The highest resistance to wear was observed in the composite containing 0.01 wt %Sr which is likely the result of good dispersion of fine Mg2Si particles in the Al matrix. This fine morphology and uniform distribution of Mg2Si particles also contributed to better corrosion resistance by reducing the propagation of corrosion pits